Infinitely often and almost always: Difference between revisions

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| unions and intersections || <math>\omega \in \bigcap_{N=1}^\infty \bigcup_{n=N}^\infty A_n</math> || <math>\omega \in \bigcup_{N=1}^\infty \bigcap_{n=N}^\infty A_n</math>
| unions and intersections || <math>\omega \in \bigcap_{N=1}^\infty \bigcup_{n=N}^\infty A_n</math> || <math>\omega \in \bigcup_{N=1}^\infty \bigcap_{n=N}^\infty A_n</math>
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| first-order quantifiers || <math>\forall N\geq 1\ \exists n \geq N\colon \omega \in A_n</math> || <math>\exists N \leq 1\ \forall n \geq N\colon \omega \in A_n</math>
| first-order quantifiers || <math>\forall N\geq 1\ \exists n \geq N\colon \omega \in A_n</math> || <math>\exists N \geq 1\ \forall n \geq N\colon \omega \in A_n</math>
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| verbal expression || <math>\omega \in A_n</math> for infinitely many <math>n\geq 1</math> || <math>\omega \in A_n</math> for almost all <math>n\geq 1</math>, i.e. <math>\omega \in A_n</math> for all but finitely many <math>n \geq 1</math>, i.e. <math>\omega \notin A_n</math> for finitely many <math>n \geq 1</math>
| verbal expression || <math>\omega \in A_n</math> for infinitely many <math>n\geq 1</math> || <math>\omega \in A_n</math> for almost all <math>n\geq 1</math>, i.e. <math>\omega \in A_n</math> for all but finitely many <math>n \geq 1</math>, i.e. <math>\omega \notin A_n</math> for finitely many <math>n \geq 1</math>

Revision as of 21:49, 31 July 2019

Let A1,A2,A3,… be a sequence of events in some sample space Ω. Let ω∈Ω be an outcome.

In the following table, all statements in the "infinitely often" column are logically equivalent. Similarly, all statements in the "almost always" column are logically equivalent.

perspective infinitely often almost always
unions and intersections ω∈⋂N=1∞⋃n=N∞An ω∈⋃N=1∞⋂n=N∞An
first-order quantifiers ∀N≥1∃n≥N:ω∈An ∃N≥1∀n≥N:ω∈An
verbal expression ω∈An for infinitely many n≥1 ω∈An for almost all n≥1, i.e. ω∈An for all but finitely many n≥1, i.e. ω∉An for finitely many n≥1
lim sup/lim inf ω∈lim supn→∞An ω∈lim infn→∞An
limit of sup/inf ω∈limN→∞⋃n=N∞An ω∈limN→∞⋂n=N∞An

Analogy with sequences of real numbers

Let (an)n=1∞ be a sequence of real numbers, and let ϵ>0 be a real number.

We say (an)n=1∞ is eventually ϵ-close to x iff there exists some N≥1 such that for all n≥N we have |an−x|≤ϵ.

We say that (an)n=1∞ is continually ϵ-adherent iff for every N≥1 there exists some n≥N such that |an−x|≤ϵ.